A. Preamble
Acknowledging that
Acknowledging that
a.
Climate change is a global
problem.
b.
Current global greenhouse gas
emissions based on 2010 data are estimated at 50.1 GtCO2e. Under BAU
conditions they are estimated to be 58 GtCO2e in 2020.[1]
c.
Assessment of countries current
emission reduction pledges shows that (if fully implemented) will reduce
emissions to below the BAU level in 2020, but not to a level consistent with
the 2°C target agreed upon at the Copenhagen Accord and hence lead to a
emissions gap.
d.
Emissions (MtCO2)
can be represented in different ways: historically accumulated emissions,
Emissions (MtCO2e), Emissions per unit of GDP, PPP (MtCO2e/billion
constant US$), Emissions per capita (MtCO2e/capita).
Recalling
that
f.
The Kyoto Protocol set specific
targets for certain countries. countries and Economies in Transition (Annex 1)
to cut emissions by on average 5% between 1990 and 2008-2012.
g.
COP 18 in DOHA has introduced a
second commitment period (2013-2020) of the Kyoto Protocol. Parties: EU
(including Croatia and Iceland), Belarus, Kazakhstan, Switzerland, Ukraine,
Australia and Norway together accounting for 15% of global carbon emissions.
18% reduction of CO2 compared to 1990 levels.
h.
Nearly two-thirds of global
emissions for 2010 originated from just ten countries.
1.
The Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol agree that a peak year for global emissions has to be defined. The
defined peak year serves as a global turning point in global greenhouse gas
emissions as well as a global benchmark.
2.
The Parties agree on a
greenhouse gas emission reduction of at least 80% globally by 2050 compared to
1990 levels taking into account CBDR.
3.
The Parties approve the year
2015 as the peak year for global greenhouse gas emissions taking into account
CBDR.
4.
Country group[2] specific peak years are as
following conditional to technology transfer and financial support to non-annex
I countries:
Developed countries[3]
|
2013
|
Developing countries A
|
2023
|
Developing countries B
|
2025
|
5.
Parties agree to the following
legally binding country group specific annual reduction targets following the
specific peak years: conditional on technology transfer and financial support
agreements from annex I to non-annex I countries made at COP19 in Barcelona and
the following COPs:
Country Group
|
Peak
Year
|
Annual
Reduction following Peak Year
|
Developed countries
|
2013
|
3.5 %
|
Developing countries A
|
2023
|
2.0 %, China 3%
|
Developing countries B
|
2025
|
2.0 %
|
6.
Next to the above-mentioned
reduction targets, a special agreement has been made to further meet the 2.0
degrees reduction target. The agreement
entails fostering knowledge & technology transfer concerning forest and
peat land management among member states. Other initiatives which support
compensations for halting deforestation and support the protection and
development of global rain-forests are also in place.
7.
The UN acknowledges the
conditions of the vote of the members of the AOSIS until reaching an agreement on
further negotiations during the next COP for the additional compensations on
adaptation.
a)
b)
Part Two: Trading
A. The Clean Development Mechanism
1. The Parties have decided that the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
should be continued until 2050.
2. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects will be included into the
CDM until 2030 linked to investment in renewables.
a.
Companies of countries with
specific knowledge regarding CCS will receive preferential treatment in the
implementation phase of CCS projects on the condition of objective selection
criteria
3. Inclusion LULUCF and REDD in the Kyoto Protocol or a new UN treaty
as CDM
a.
LULUCF and REDD will be
included under the Clean Development Mechanism
b.
Annex I countries can implement
LULUCF and REDD projects up to a maximum of 20% of their CDM projects
consequently, the maximum number of CER accredited to LULUCF activities will
also be 20%
c.
A working group will be
established to ensure stronger and more detailed social, governance and environmental
safeguards for projects, particularly with regard to developing countries where
the forest areas are not under the control of the central government; the
working group will establish a minimum percentage of afforestation and/or an
investment in renewable energy included in any REDD project to establish
additionality
4. Monitoring and enhancing transparency of CDM
a.
A working group will be created
consisting of an equal number of representatives of environmental NGOs and
country delegates of funding and receiving countries
b.
The working group will work on
restructuring the current control mechanisms of CDM projects with the focus on
the Gold Standard
5. The levy on current CER transactions (currently 2%) will be
increased to 3%.
B. Establishment of a Global Emission Trading System
6. The Parties recognize the need for a global agreement leading to the
ideal situation of all nations participating in a single carbon trading
platform in the long-term future.
7. The Parties have agreed on setting up a working group with the aim
of developing a global emission trading system to become effective from 2020
onwards,
a.
The working group shall
establish supervisory mechanisms for the global trading system
b.
The working group will work
closely with countries developing their domestic carbon markets
c.
The parties agreed to the
introduction of a floor price to be a suitable solution to foster investment
security and to enhance mitigation activities
Part Three: Adaptation, Climate Refugees, Tech-transfer, Funding
Climate
Refugee
1.
The Parties agree on a
definition of Climate Refugee based on the following characteristics:
i.
A Climate Refugee has to
experience a situation of forced migration.
ii.
Temporary or permanent
relocation across national borders if no domestic relocation with reasonable
similar living conditions is possible.
iii.
Movement across borders, with
borders and national territories defined as from the known world map on
01.01.2013, even though the physical borders might be under the sea level in
the future, including ongoing states sovereignty and sea rights of the small
island states, and states with sunken islands.
iv.
Climate Refugees will be
temporarily classified as Refugees under the Geneva Convention until part of the
original territory becomes habitable again under reasonable similar conditions.
v.
Disruption has to be attributed
to one of three impacts of climate change:
1.
Sea-level rise
2.
Extreme weather events
3.
Drought and water scarcity
vi.
Sudden or gradual environmental
disruption
2.
The Parties agree that the
administration of the Climate Refugee process will be established as a new
entity under the UNHCR.
3.
This entity will take a
differentiated approach toward Climate Refugee Migration tasks.
a.
The Parties agree on the establishment
of a new Fund solely responsible for Climate Refugee Administration tasks.
b.
If a merger of Green Climate
Fund and Adaptation Fund takes place, this newly created Climate Refugee Fund
shall also be included in the merged Adaptation and Green Climate Fund.
Technology
Transfer
1.
The Parties agree that the
Technology Transfer Mechanism will be funded by the Adaptation Fund.
2.
Technology Transfer Mechanisms
will be project based
Green
Climate Fund & Adaptation Fund
A
decision about the Green Climate Fund and the continuation of the Adaptation
Fund and a optional merger of these two funds is to be taken at COP 20.
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